vald   38340
invd   0
min   0.00635
max   1.222
mean   0.133
stdev   0.111

Gross job flows are measured in similar fashion using the symmetric Job Reallocation Rate:

`J\R\R_{agkst} =\ (JC_{agkst} + JD_{agkst})*(2/(B_{agkst} + E_{agkst}))`

where

• `JC_{agkst} \equiv` job creations
• `JD_{agkst} \equiv` job destructions

`J\R\R` measures total job creations and destructions (called job creations/destructions in the QWI and gross job gains/losses in the BED) as a proportion of average employment over the quarter in the category. The gross job inflow and outflow rates, the Job Creation Rate (`JCR`) and Job Destruction Rate (`JDR`) , can be defined as additive components of the `J\R\R`:

• `JCR_{agkst} =\ JC_{agkst}*(2/(B_{agkst} + E_{agkst}))`
• `JDR_{agkst} =\ JD_{agkst}*(2/(B_{agkst} + E_{agkst}))`

Gross job flow measures are defined at an establishment, not job, level. Let `B_{agjt}` be beginning-of-quarter employment for demographic group `ag` at establishment `j` in quarter `t`, and similarly let `E_{agjt}` be end-of-quarter employment for the same category and time period. Then:

• `JC_{agjt} \equiv \ max(E_{agjt} - B_{agjt}, 0)`
• `JD_{agjt} \equiv \ max(B_{agjt} - E_{agjt}, 0)`

so that, as originally specified by Davis and Haltiwanger, job creations are the change in employment when employment is growing at the establishment and job destructions are the change in employment when employment is shrinking at the establishment. Net job flows also satisfy the identity `JF_{agkst} =\ JC_{agkst} - JD_{agkst}`